.44 S&W Russian was the biggest. It was used up through WWI at the very latest. The 1895 Nagant replaced it, followed by the TT-33 in 7.62x25, followed by the 9x18 Makarov. (9.2x18 really).
The Russians have now gone to super hot 9mm Luger load as standard but it will be slow putting it into service.
Robb